文法_否定句 / 疑問句 / 被動語氣

否定句
be動詞後面直接加 not
Ex: He is not a good teacher.
助動詞後面直接加 not
Ex: They will not come. / He has not written any letter. / She cannot swim.
一般句子的動詞須加上do或他的變形
Ex: He does not smoke. / He did not go.
no / nerer / not 的用法
no必須接一個名詞
Ex: I saw no students here. 可用not表示 I did not see any student here.
never常用在完成式的句子裡
Ex: I have never gone there.

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疑問句
be動詞移到主詞前面
助動詞移到主詞前面
動詞不是be動詞也沒有助動詞,必須在主詞前加上do或他的變形
英文回答的yes或no都和答案的事實對應,而與如何問無關

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被動語氣
及物動詞 - 動詞後面接一個名詞,這個名詞是動詞的受詞,一旦動詞是及物動詞,就可以改成被動語氣
主動語氣 = 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞
改成被動語氣規則
1. 原有受詞變成名詞
2. 動詞變成 be動詞 + 過去分詞, be動詞時態與原句子相同,且須配合新的主詞
3. 原有主詞變成在動詞後面,前面加by

沒有助動詞
I saw the policeman. -> The policeman was seen by me.
現在進行式
I am writing this letter. -> This letter is being written by me.
現在完成式
I have written the letter. -> The letter has been written by me.
I have seen him. -> He has seen seen by me.
He has helped me all my life. -> I have been helped by him all my life.
過去進行式
I was writing the letter when you came. -> The letter was being written by me when you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there. -> His mother was being called by him when we went there.
過去完成式
I had written the letter before you came. -> The letter had been written by me before you came.
He had called me before you came. -> I had been called by him before you came.
未來式
I will write the letter. -> The letter will be written by me.
He will teach English. -> English will be taught by him.
I am going to see you. -> You are going to be seen by me.
He is going to help you. -> You are going to be helped by him.
未來完成式
I will have written this letter. -> This letter will have been written by me.
助動詞不一定和時式有關,can,should,has to等等都是助動詞,改成被動語氣時都應維持原狀,只需加入be動詞+過去分詞即可
I can play the paino. -> The paino can be played by me.
I may use this room. -> The room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. ->The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him. -> He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter. -> This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report. -> This report ought to be written by him.

否定句子的被動語氣
1. 將句子改成肯定句
2. 將此肯定句改成被動語氣
3. 將此被動語氣句子改成否定句
They do not enjoy such music. -> Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story. -> That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story. -> That story has not been written by them.
Peter is not going to see me. -> I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me. -> I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. -> That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine. -> That wine can not be drunk by me.

問句的被動語氣
1. 將問句變成肯定句
2. 將此肯定句改成被動語氣
3. 將此被動語氣句子改成問句(動詞移到主詞之前)
Does he help his students? -> Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story? -> Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story? -> Has that story been written by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit? -> Who is going to be visited by Peter?
When did you write that book? -> When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song? -> Is that song enjoyed by him?
Why do his friends avoid him? -> Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did you see? -> Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report? -> Has that report been read by him?
Is he writting that letter? -> Is that letter being written by him?