2008年10月22日 星期三

文法_時態

1. 現在式
不是指任何一個行為,而是指一種狀態
Ex: He swins everyday.
凡是真理,自然界的現象,數學的定理,都要用現在式
Ex: The sun rises in the east.
The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.
Trees leaves absorb CO2.
Two points define a line, three points define a plane.

2. 現在進行式 - 現在式動詞+現在分詞(動詞+ing)
指正在做的一件事
Ex: I am watching a movie.

3. 過去式
指過去所發生的事(現在已經不再發生)
Ex: I went to school yesterday.
Notice: I loved you. = I loved you before. But I don't love you now.
He was a good boy. 曾經是個好孩子,但現在不是了,或者是已經死了

4. 過去進行式 - 動詞過去式+現在分詞
過去進行式很少單獨使用,常和另一句子一起用
Ex: I was watching TV when you came to see me.
過去進行式常牽涉到幾件事,這兩件事情同時發生,一件用過去進行式,另一件用過去式

5. 現在完成式 - have/has +過去分詞
一件事情發生在過去,一直延續到現在,要用現在完成式,這種句子後面常有since或for
Ex: I have studied English since 1980.
He has lived here since 1990.
I have known him for a long time.
強調已經完成的事情
Ex: He has already completed the work.
I called him twice, he has never answered.
表示一種經驗
Ex: He has been to America.
I have never danced in my life.
可以用來表示一件過去常發生的事情
Ex: We have already had three typhoons so far this year.
He has already published three papers this year.
現在完成式和過去式的不同:一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事,而且指定特定的時間,就一定要用過去式
現在完成式常和since,for,already,never,ever等字一起使用
never有否定的意思,ever只有在問句中才會出現

6. 現在完成進行式 - have/has + been + 現在分詞(have/has是為了完成式, been+現在分詞是為了進行式)
強調過去發生的事情"一直"(沒有間斷)延續到現在
Ex: I have been studying English since 1980.
He has been acting like a fool lately.
It has been snowing since yesterday.

7. 過去完成式 - had + 過去分詞
不能單獨使用,必須有另一個事件,假設A跟B兩件事都發生在過去,而A發生在B之前,則A應該用過去完成式,B用過去式
Ex: He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
I had worked before I decided to go to college.
It had already snowed before Monday.

8. 過去完成進行式 - had + been + 現在分詞
強調較早發生事件的連續性
Ex: I had been watching TV before you called me.
He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.

9. 未來式 (will 或 be動詞 + going to + 動詞原式 )
句子中提到未來的事情
will是一個助動詞,但第三人稱單數的主詞不需要在will後面加s
will後面的動詞要用原式
Ex: I will go to America tomorrow. (I am going to go to America tomorrow.)
Peter will finish his work next month. (Peter is going to finish his work next month.)
When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
I will go to a concert after my classes are over.

10. 未來進行式(未來式與進行式合起來用)
Ex: He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
Two days later, I wiil be driving a new car.

11. 未來完成式(未來式與完成式合起來用)
強調未來要完成的事情
Ex: I will have finished this work by six o'clock tomorrow.
By the time he arrives at station, the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o'clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.

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