2008年10月31日 星期五

分類常用辭彙_運動

sports
acrobatic gymnastics
athletics/track & field
beach
boat race
bobsleigh, bobsled
boxing
canoe slalom
canoe
chess
cricket
cycling
diving
downhill race
dragon-boat racing
dressage
equestrian
fencing
figure skating
football /soccer
freestyle
gliding; sailplaning
golf
Greece-Roman wrestling
gymnastic apparatus
gymnastics
handball
hockey
hold, lock
horizontal bar
hurdles; hurdle race
huttlecock kicking
ice skating
indoor
item Archery
judo
jumping
kayak
mat exercises
modern pentathlon
mountain bike
parallel bars
polo
relative work
relay race; relay
rings
roller skating
rowing
rugby
sailing
shooting
side horse, pommelled horse
ski jump
ski jumping competition
ski
skiing
slalom
softball
surfing
swimming
table tennis
taekwondo
tennis
toxophily
track
trampoline
trapeze
triathlon
tug-of-war
volleyball
badminton
baseball
basketball
walking; walking race
wall bars
water polo
weightlifting
weights
winter sports
wrestling
yacht

分類常用辭彙_服裝

clothes
wardrobe
clothing
habit
ready-made clothes, ready-to-wear clothes
garments
town clothes
double-breasted suit
suit
dress
tailored suit
everyday clothes
three-piece suit
trousseau
layette
uniform
overalls
rompers
formal dress
tailcoat, morning coat
evening dress
dress coat, tails
nightshirt
dinner jacket , tuxedo
full dress uniform
frock coat
gown, robe
tunic
overcoat
coat
topcoat
fur coat
three-quarter coat
dust coat
mantle, cloak
poncho
sheepskin jacket
pelisse
jacket
anorak, duffle coat
hood
scarf, muffler
shawl
knitted shawl
fur stole
muff
housecoat, dressing gown , duster
short dressing gown
bathrobe
nightgown, nightdress
pyjamas , pajamas
pocket
lapel
detachable collar
wing collar
V-neck
sleeve
cuff
buttonhole
shirt
blouse
T-shirt
vest , undershirt
polo shirt
middy blouse
sweater
short-sleeved sweater
roll-neck sweater
round-neck sweater
suit, outfit, ensemble
twinset
jerkin
kimono
ulster
jellaba, djellaba, jelab
cardigan
mac, mackintosh, raincoat
trousers
jeans
short trousers
knickers
knickerbockers
plus fours
braces , suspenders
turnup
breeches
belt
skirt
divided skirt, split skirt
underskirt
underwear, underclothes
underpants, pants , shorts
briefs
panties
knickers
brassiere, bra
corselet
stays, corset
waistcoat
slip, petticoat
girdle
stockings
suspenders , garters
suspender belt , garter belt
socks
tights, leotard
handkerchief
bathing trunks
bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing suit
bikini
apron
pinafore
shoe
sole
heel
lace
patent leather shoes
boot
slippers
sandal
canvas shoes, rope soled shoes
clog
galosh, overshoe
glove
tie , necktie
bow tie
cap
hat
bowler hat
beret
peaked cap, cap with a visor
broad-brimmed straw hat
headdress
turban

natural fabric
cotton
silk
wool
linen
cashmere
patterns
tartan plaid , tartan
dot
stripe

分類常用辭彙_食物

soup
main course
sweet, dessert
snack
helping, portion
sandwich

meat
beef
veal
lamb
sirloin
steak
chop
cutlet
stew
roast
pork
ham
bacon
sausage
black pudding, blood sausage

cold meats , cold cuts

chicken
turkey
duck
fish

vegetables
dried legumes

chips , French fries
mashed potatoes

pasta
noodles
macaroni

consomme
broth

milk
cheese
butter
bread
slice of bread
crust
crumb

egg
boiled eggs, soft-boiled eggs
hard-boiled eggs
fried eggs
poached eggs
scrambled eggs
omelet

pastry
sponge cake
tart
biscuits

fruit
ice cream
compote
jam, preserves
marmalade
spices
salt
vinegar
sauce
oil
salad oil
pepper
mustard
clove

drink
mineral water
orange juice
orangeade, orange squash
lemon juice
lemonade

beer
white wine
red wine
claret
cider
champagne
cocktail
liqueur
shaohsing wine
yellow wine
Kaoliang spirit
Wu Chia Pee
vodka
whisky
brandy
cognac
gin
gin flzz
martini

eating house
canteen
dining hall
refectory

waiter
service
headwaiter, maitre d'hotel
bill of fare, menu
winelist

table
to lay the table, to set the table
to wait at table
to clear the table
tablecloth
napkin, serviette

cutlery
fork
spoon
teaspoon
ladle
knife
dishes, crockery
dish, plate
soup dish, soup plate
(serving) dish , platter
soup tureen
salad bowl
fruit dish
fruit bowl
sauce boat, gravy boat

glass
bottle
carafe, decanter
cup
saucer
sugar bowl
glass service, glassware
tea service, tea set
teapot
coffee service, coffee set
coffeepot
salt shaker
cruet
tray

分類常用辭彙_娛樂

entertainment
travelling circus
circus wagon
big top
tent
ring, arena
tier
master of ceremonies, M.C.
parade, cavalcade
show
circus act
trick rider, equestrian acrobat
equitation, riding
equestrian, rider
fakir, magician, illusionist, conjurer, conjuror
mountebank, tumbler
ventriloquist
contortionist
acrobat
balancer
trapeze artist
walker, rope walker
funambulist
juggler
sword swallower
fire eater
snake charmer
flier, flyer ,aerialist
clown
giant
midget, dwarf
horse trainer
wild animal trainer
lion tamer
wild animal
cage
whip
performing animal
tights, leotard
tumble
double somersault
human pyramid
balance
rings
springboard
trampoline
trapeze
safety net
tightrope
wire-walking
balancing pole

分類常用辭彙_疾病

disease
anemia, anaemia
angina pectoris
appendicitis
arthritis
bronchitis
cancer
catarrh
chicken pox, varicella
cholera
cold
diabetes
diphtheria
eczema
epilepsy
erysipelas
gangrene
German measles, rubella
gout
headache
hemiplegy, hemiplegia
icterus, jaundice
indigestion
influenza, flu
insanity
leukemia
malaria
malnutrition
Malta fever
measles
migraine, splitting headache
miocardial infarction
mumps
neuralgia
neurasthenia
paralysis
peritonitis
pharyngitis
phtisis
pneumonia
poliomyelitis
rabies
rheumatism
rickets, rachitis
scabies, itch
scarlet fever
sciatica
sclerosis
septicemia, septicaemia
sinusitis
smallpox
swamp fever
syncope
syphilis
tetanus
thrombosis
torticollis, stiff neck
tuberculosis
tumour,tumor
typhus
urticaria, hives
whooping cough
yellow fever
zona, shingles

分類常用辭彙_建築

architect
plan
town planning

Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Composite
Tuscan order
Gothic
flamboyant Gothic
Romanesque
barroque
plateresque
rococo

building
arch
vault
ogive
facade
frontispiece
column
pilaster
pediment
fronton
ground plan
floor, storey
ground floor ,first floor
flat , apartment
stair well
lift shaft , elevator shaft
fire escape
staircase
lift , elevator
goods lift , freight elevator
central heating
ventilation shaft
air conditioning
air-conditioned
flooring
floorboard
parquet
herringbone parquet
tile
terrazzo
wall
main wall
partition wall
plastering
skirting board
to whitewash
facade
window
basement
penthouse
attic, garret
kitchen
dining room
living room
lounge
bathroom
toilet
chimney
fireplace
gutter
drainpipe
ceiling
flat roof, roof garden
roof
tile, roof tile

分類常用辭彙_天氣

whether
meteorology
atmosphere
climate
elements
temperature
to be warm, to be hot
to be cold
season
spring
summer
autumn , fall
winter
frost
hail
snow
thunder
wind
mist
cloud
haze
rain
downpour, shower
storm, tempest
lightning
land wind
hurricane
cyclone
typhoon
whirlwind
gale
gust of wind
breeze
fog
dew
humidity
freeze
snowflake
snowfall
waterspout
dead calm
Indian summer
drought

分類常用辭彙_花

azalea
begonia
Brazil
cactus
camellia
carnation
Chinese enkianthus
Chinese flowering crab-apple
chrysanthemum
dahlia
daisy
datura
epiphyllum
fringed iris
fuchsia
gardenia
India canna
jasmine
lilac
lily
mangnolia
mangnolia
morning glory
narcissus
oleander
orchid
pansy
peony
peony
phalaenopsis
rose
setose asparagus
touch-me-not (balsam)
forget-me-not
sensitive plant/ mimosa
tulip
violet, stock violet
water hyacinth

分類常用辭彙_昆蟲

ant
queen ant
male ant
termite
white ant
worker ant

bee, honeybees
bumble bee
drone
queen bee
wasp

beetle
Japanese beetle

fly
horsefly, gadfly

flea
silverfish
louse, lice

spider

mosquito
ladybird
glowworm, firefly
cicada
dragonfly
cricket
locust
grasshopper
praying mantis
caterpillar
centipede
butterfly
moth
silkworm moth
bedbug, bug
cockroach
scorpion
snail

分類常用辭彙_動物

horse
mare
colt, foal
pony
thoroughbred
mustang
zebra

mule
ass, donkey

ox
buffalo
bull
cow
calf
bullock, steer
heifer

pig, swine
boar
hog
gilt
piglet

sheep
ewe
goat
lamb

antilope
gazelle

deer
reindeer
giraffe

camel
dromedary
llama
guanaco
alpaca
vicuna

elephant
rhinoceros
hippopotamus

cat
tabby, she-cat, grimalkin
tomcat
kitten, kitty, pussy

lion
lynx
panther, puma
leopard
tiger
wildcat

bison
yak

dog

badger
weasel
otter

fox
hyena, hyaena
wolf

squirrel
dormouse
beaver
ferret

bear

rabbit
hare

rat
mole
mouse
vole

monkey
chimpanzee
gorilla
orangutan
gibbon
sloth

anteater
duckbill, platypus
kangaroo
koala
hedgehog
porcupine

bat

whale
dolphin
seal
walrus

==================

birds
eagle
bald eagle
condor
hawk, falcon
heron
golden eagle
kite
vulture
cock
hen
chicken
guinea, fowl
turkey
peacock
duck
mallard
teal
gannet
goose
pelican
cormorant
swan
cob
cygnet
gander, wild goose
dove
pigeon
turtle dove
pheasant
grouse
partridge
ptarmigan
quail
ostrich
stork
woodcock
snipe
gull, seagull
albatross
kingfisher
bird of paradise
woodpecker
parrot
cockatoo
macaw
parakeet
cuckoo
crow
blackbird
magpie
swallow
sparrow
nightingale
canary
starling
thrush
goldfinch
chaffinch
robin
plover
lark
swift
whitethroat
hummingbird
penguin
owl
mandarin duck

==================

snake
adder, viper
boa
cobra
coral snake
python
rattlesnake
lizard
tuatara
chameleon
wall lizard
giant salamander
crocodile
alligator
turtle
tortoise
sea turtle
frog
bullfrog
toad

==================

cuttloefish
squid
octopus
clam
cockle
oyster
scallop
sea urchin
prawn
lobster
shrimp
large prawn
crab

筆記單字_1031_supplement02

urge
ladder
ship off
hybrid
seek
expertise
retailing
crucial
belated
recognition
reflect
drastically
representative
meld
tricky
regard
mushy
combination
anecdote
platitude
wrap
jargon
skepticism
advocate
sneer
fixture
proponent
striking
shift toward
revenue
reoriented
swing
dubious
excited
fascinating
limousine
optimization
destruction
station
accumulation
advance
advocate


in charge of
real-time
traffic patterns

2008年10月30日 星期四

冠軍滋味


延後46小時繼續打的世界大賽依然精采

最後
等了28年
隊史累積超過10000敗的費城人登上世界大賽冠軍
光看這些數字就覺得
這冠軍滋味一定特別甜美

常犯的文法錯誤

1. 兩個動詞連在一起用

2. 單數第三人稱現在式的動詞
He likes you.
My uncle goes to work by bus.
I don't know what the government does to stimulate the economy.

3. 有些動詞後面一定要用原形動詞
He did not go to scholl yesterday.
She will not go to church.
He does not like you.
I should not give him the book.
He does not enjoy the conversation.

4. 在to後面一定要用原形動詞
I like to swim.
I forget to go to school.

5. 動詞與主詞需一致
I was at home last night.
He has no money to buy that book.
His ability to accomplish many things at the same time is great.
Their wishes were finally realized.

6. 句子沒有動詞

7. 句子沒有主詞

8. 動詞時態錯誤

9. have / has 之後應該用過去分詞 -> 現在完成式

10. be動詞(am/are/is)後要用過去分詞 -> 被動語氣

11. 動詞誤當成名詞使用 -> 須將動詞改成動名詞或不定詞

12. 動詞誤用成形容詞 -> 須將動詞改成動名詞或不定詞

13. 忘記助動詞

14. 該用被動語氣卻用主動語氣

15. wh-子句的用法 -> 不可接片語

16. 該省略to的時候未省略

17. 有些動詞須以分詞(現在分詞/過去分詞)的形式出現

18. 過去分詞與現在分詞的使用時機

19. 不及物動詞不能用被動語氣

20. 把形容詞誤用成名詞

自行車專用道


河堤邊的自行車專用道
美其名是專用道
實際是
每到晚上
一堆社區居民會在這邊
散步的散步
乘涼的乘涼
遛狗的遛狗
溜小孩的溜小孩
也有人溜小孩順便玩別人家的狗
當然溜狗玩別人家的小孩也大有人在

我習慣在十點半之後出現
在夜色裡慢跑
通常這個時間除了一些不回家的死小孩
就是像肉粽一樣會整串出現的單車車隊
死小孩除了吵一點之外對我沒啥影響
倒是車隊對我這種跑不快卻又一時之間停不下來的人來說很可怕
因為在迷濛夜色中不是突然從後方嚇我這個沒有後照鏡的慢跑人
就是當作測試前輪避震器一樣的輾過我的腳
又看不清楚是誰肇事逃逸
被輾過的腳更不可能變成飛毛腿追殺兇手....

雖然是你的單車專用道
也請好心一點
留一點路給我這個可憐沒錢上健身房用跑步機的人吧

還是這些人要逼我加入肉粽的行列呢...

2008年10月29日 星期三

文法_子句

問題形式的名詞子句(當名詞的子句)
都要用who,where,whether,what,when,how,which,if等來開頭
EX:
I don't know where he came from.
Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.
I will find out where he is living.
I can not remeber whether he smokes or not.
Please let me know how old he is.
Kindly tell me what you really need.
Do you know where he is from?
Do you know who he is?
Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.
Please ask your sister if she went to Japan last year.
When she is coming remains a puzzle.
I don't know what he is interested in.
I don't know what he is talking about.
Do you know whose bicycle this is?
Do you know which country Hawaii belongs to?

以that開頭的名詞子句
That the sun rises from the west is wrong.
I don't know that he is a such a diligent student.
I suggest that you go swimming every morning.
That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
That he can speak good English helps him.

形容詞子句
用來形容前面的一個名詞,要用代名詞(who,what,where.when,whose,which)開頭
The person living in the house is my brother.
-> The person who lives in the house is my brother.
EX:
Do you like people who always talk about themselves?
The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.
Do you know the auther who wrote this novel?
I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.
I don't remeber the year when the Second World War broken out.
The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
I thank all of you who helped me.
The girl whom you met last night works in a library.
The students whom you taught like you very much.
I like the professor who taught me English.
Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?
Those who love others will be loved by others.
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
The party which I went to is interesting.
The professor whom I spoke to is very griendly.
Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big country.

文法_動詞改成形容詞

利用分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞)與不定詞
現在分詞 = 動詞+ing
a crying baby / a similing girl / an exciting story / running water / a running boy/ a rising star
現在分詞不一定要放在名詞前面,亦可放在名詞後面
a person walking in the woods / the young man running very fast / people living in Taiwan
EX:
We have a crying baby.
Seeing(N) is believing(adj.).
Loving is forgiving.
He always wears a similing face.

過去分詞當形容詞
a broken window / a fallen angel / a fallen star / a depressed person / a much appreciated action
過去分詞多半有被動或是已經完成的意思
a developing country -> 開發中國家
a developed country -> 已開發國家

現在分詞與過去分詞的不同
This book is interesting. -> 這本書很有趣
I am interested in this book. -> 我對這本書很有興趣
This is a depressing movie. -> 這是部令人沮喪的電影
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie. -> 我看了這部電影之後感到非常沮喪
The result is frustrating. -> 結果令人失望
He was frustrated because of the result. -> 他因為這個結果而感到失望
This news is really upsetting. -> 這消息真令人難過
They are all upset. -> 他們都很難過
John's progress is encouraging. -> 約翰的進步令人鼓舞
I am encouraged by John's progress. -> 我因約翰的進步而感到鼓舞
The water is boiling. -> 水在燒
This is boiled water. -> 這是燒開的水
This news is surprising. -> 這消息出人意外
I was surprised by the news. -> 我對這消息感到意外
His words are confusing. -> 他的話令人困惑
He is a confused person. -> 他是一個充滿困惑的人

過去分詞不一定要放在名詞前面,亦可放在名詞後面
I found that dog killed in a car accident.
I want the repot completed before midnight.
This book, read by almost every one, was written by Charles Dickens.
The girl dressed in white is from Japan.

不定詞當作形容詞和副詞
當形容詞時不會放在名詞前面
You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is to blame.
To see(N) is to believe(adj.).
My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
We all have the duty to serve our country.
He has a talent to sing.
I am gald to see you.
He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is too weak to do this job.

文法_動名詞 / 不定詞

動名詞
動詞+ing ->名詞
可當主詞
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
可當動詞的受詞
I enjoy studting English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
可當介系詞(at,in,about,of,on)的受詞
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writting programs.
You just keep on going straight.

不定詞
to+動詞 ->名詞
不可接在介系詞後面
可當主詞
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
可當動詞的受詞
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing?
可以接在代名詞之後當直接受詞(動詞+代名詞+不定詞)
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He respects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.
不定詞常用在被動語氣中
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is respected to help him.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.

love,like,hate,start,begin可接動名詞或不定詞,意義相同
stop接動名詞或不定詞,意義不相同
sotp smoking -> 不再抽菸
stop to smoke -> 停下來之後,開始抽菸

只能接動名詞的動詞
I enjoy eating good food.
I appreciate you being kind to others.
You should avoid making mistakes.
Keep on working hard.
Keep singing.
He considered leaving home.
He finished writing this book.
May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
We discussed traveling to New Zealand.

只能接不定詞的動詞
I agree to sign this letter.
He plans to go away.
They want to rent a car.
He decided to work hard.
He seems to be very happy.
He appears to be very sad.

動名詞和不定詞的被動和否定形式
Everyone liked to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Chrismas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.

不定詞的簡式
以下的動詞後接不定詞,省略to
let -> My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make -> He makes his students respect teachers.
have -> He had his son clean their rooms.
see -> I saw him run away.
hear -> I heard the birds sing.
watch -> I watched the kids play.
notice -> I noticed her cry.
help後面的不定詞,to可省略也可不省
I helpded him wash his car. = I helped him to wash his car.

2008年10月28日 星期二

筆記_Speaking_PEOPLE_續

Amongst my good points are ..... (只能接名詞或動名詞)
On the positive side of my personality (characteristics), I am .... (接形容詞)

On the more negative side, ....
Some of my bad points are ..... (只能接名詞或動名詞)

================================================
POSITIVE:
generous = unstinting
sober
serious
witty
tolerant
broad-minded
resolute
determined
firm
astute

NEGATIVE:
stubborn
stingy
work-obsessed
cunning
sly
sullen
sharp-tongued
unprincipled
unscrupulous
morose

note: scrupulous 謹慎小心的

NEUTRAL:
unconventional
eccentric
thrifty
frugal
shrewd
workaholic
mulish
persistent
dogged
extravagant

================================================
Despite (In spite of / Even though) the fact that most of my colleagues(friends) find my boss, 形容詞1, I think he is (I find him to be) 形容詞2.

================================================
Determined
obstinate
stubborn
pig-headed

Thrifty
economical-stingy
mean
tight-fisted

Self-assured / Confidence
self-important
arrogant
full of oneself

Unconventional / Original
eccentric
odd
peculiar
weird

Frank / Direct / Open
blunt
abrupt
brusque
curt

Broad-minded
unprincinpled

Generous
extravagant

Innocent
naive

Ambitious
pushy

Assertive
aggressive
bossy

================================================
Doctor
On the positive side
社會地位
Doctors are generally well respected as members of society.
收入高
Within the medical profession, doctors enjoy a good salary.
成就感
Through serving the community and improving their patients' quality of life, many doctors enjoy a high level of job-satisfaction.
On the negative side
工作久
Doctors inevitably work long hours, often with very few breaks.
壓力大
Their work put them under a great deal of pressure, making decisions that directly affect the lives of their patients.
隨時待命
A doctor may be call upon even when they are no longer on duty, and many will remain 'on call' even after their daily surgery has finished.

Nurse
On the positive side
受到喜歡
As the level of contact between nurses and their patients is often quite high in their caring role, they are often well liked and respected.
廣結善緣
Through the nursing profession, a person may meet and get to know people from a wide variety of different backgrounds, with rich and interesting stories to tell.
On the negative side
薪水低
The nursing profession is notorious for its low wages and nurses are often considered to be under-paid.
壓力大
Nurses must be willing and able to cope with stress and trauma, treating people who are suffering and in pain.

Teacher
On the positive side
助人成長
Teaching offers the opportunity to be directly involved in a student's personal development, and this can be highly rewarding.
影響深遠
Good teachers often have a lasting and memorable effect on their pupils.
長假充電
The teaching profession offers a great deal of flexibility and the academic year includes long vacations which can be used to develop personal interests.
On the negative side
學生難教
Teachers may have to deal with unruly pupils whose disruptive influence may affect the entire class.
兼職剝削
As a profession, teaching is not always well-paid and teachers undertaking part-time work are known to be vulnerable to exploitation by their employers.
超時備課
Teachers are often called upon to carry work home with them, and preparing teaching materials after classes have finished can be time-consuming.

Lawyer
On the positive side
薪水高
A lawyer's wage can be extremely high.
幫助困難
Providing legal assistance can profoundly affect the life of a client, resolving problems that may have caused great distress.
民主尖兵
Lawyer have a vital role to play in the system of laws, human rights and courts on which democracies depend.
On the negative side
超難考上
Studying to be a lawyer can be a long and expensive process, creating a degree of exclusivity within the profession.
不斷充電
Lawyers must keep abreast of new developments in the law during their careers.
要幫壞人
Where a society determines that every person accused of committing a crime must benefit from full legal representation, a lawyer may well be required defend a person who he/she feels a guilty.

Accountant
On the positive side
維持商業運作
Accountants can play an important part in business, providing services that are essetial to business of all sizes.
生活舒適
An accountant can build a good reputation and client base, and through this can enjoy a very comfortable living.
On the negative side
無聊
Accountancy is sometimes perceived as being dull and uncreative.
責任太大
A difficult client may place too much responsibility on the accountant to save their money, and additional personal skills may be required to do the job.

Artist
On the positive side
發展自我
An artist may have a deep personal connection with their work, doing something that they love on a daily basis.
檢視人類經驗
Through their own work, the work of colleagues and feedback offered by other people, artist are allowed a view of human experience.
On the negative side
生活困苦
An artist may be forced to live a poor life, and is at least quite likely to suffer periods of poverty.
(impecunious / destitute / indigent / insolvent)
面對批評
Artists have to face criticism of their work and must be prepared to deal with it constructively.

Civil servant
On the positive side
工作穩定
Working within the civil service, one will generally enjoy stability and a good income.
公益政治
The work of civil servants is attractive to those who are public-spirited and politically aware.
On the negative side
保守
The civil service within many countries is described as overly conservative.
加班
In time of crisis, civil servants may be forced to work extremely long hours.

Military / Forces
On the positive side
刺激好玩
Personnel within the military are offered a life of great excitement and vigorous activity.
工作穩定
In many countries the military is thought of as a stable source of work offering a decent pension on retirement.
On the negative side
階級制度
Ordinary military personnel are at the mercy of their officers and superiors.
道德衝突
Play an active part within the military, a person may indeed confront difficult moral dilemmas.

筆記_Reading_並列句

文法
並列句 = 句子 + 連接詞 + 句子 P.S.常見連接詞有and,or,but

策略
1. 將句子從連接詞的地方斷開
2. 找出句子主幹(S+V+O) 或 (S+V+C)


主詞 動詞 連接詞 主要補語或受詞 主詞補語


1.
Government has encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.


2.
Government regulations limit the oil content allowed to be discharged, and the produced water is treated on the platforms to meet those specifications.
# to = 表示目的的副詞片語

3.
Noise generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways is an increasing problem in Australia and there are growing concerns among highways authorities in Australia about the limitations of some types of noise barriers which have been installed in this country.

4.
The sports that were made by the collision will undoubtedly blow away eventually, but it's much too soon to tell if there will be any permanent changes in Jupiter.
# much too soon to tell = 言之過早

5.
The chamber is then flushed with dry nitrogen gas for five hours to remove the remaining air and DEZ is introduced at a low pressure into the gas stream in order to keep the state of balance.
# to = 表示目的


1.
政府鼓勵了廢紙的回收和分類計劃, 同時造紙工業也通過開發新的回收技術作出了反應, 這個回收技術為更大程度地利用已經使用過的纖維鋪平了道路

2.
政府的規章制度限制了允許排放的油的含量, 而且所產生的水也在平台上處理過, 從而達到這些規範要求

3.
在澳大利亞, 由主幹道和高速道路上交通所產生的噪音是一個日趨嚴重的問題, 而且澳大利亞當局的高速公路管理部門也愈來愈重視已經安裝在這個國家的一些噪音屏障的侷限性

4.
毫無疑問, 由碰撞引起的運動最終將消失, 但是確認木星是否會有永久的變化還為時過早

5.
寢室隨後被氮氣沖洗了5個小時以排除殘餘的氣體, 接著DEZ在低壓的狀態下被導入氣流中來維持平衡的狀態


筆記_Reading_簡單句

文法
簡單句 = 一個主要結構 + 複雜單字群或複雜片語群
策略
將句子簡化成 = 主詞(S) + 動詞(V) + 主要補語或受詞(O) PS.主詞補語(SC)

1.
It involoves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interest are opposed.

2.
A father accepting responsibility for behaviour problems is linked with positive outcomes.

3.
For maximum dung burial spring, summer and autumn, farmers living in the dry region of the United States require a variety of species with overlapping period of activity.

4.
A world rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades, is now said to be linked with increased air pollution.

5.
Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a person's identify infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.

6.
He was both a free-trade politician and an insurance company officer with some experience of the actual conditions of poverty of working-class people struggling to maintain respectability as the implications of age loomed large in their lives.
#as = 從屬連接詞(當...)


1.
它涉及了探究深層次的關注, 想出更有創意的解決方法以及當利益發生衝突的時候, 做出交易和妥協

2.
一個對行為問題負責的父親是和正面的結果相聯繫的

3.
為了在春夏和秋三個季節獲得最大的糞便掩埋量, 居住在美國乾燥地區的農民需要不同種類的, 活躍期重疊的物種

4.
據說在過去的40年中, 世界範圍內敏感症, 尤其是孝喘發病率的上升, 和加劇的空氣汙染有關係

5.
在信用卡和電子郵件愈來愈多地被使用的今天, 用來測量這些特性和確認人的身分的自動技術吸引了廣泛的關注

6.
他既是支持自由貿易的政客, 又是保險公司的員工, 而且了解那些年齡問題在生活中很突出, 卻又努力維持自己受尊敬的狀態的勞工階層人民貧苦的實際情況

2008年10月27日 星期一

學院字彙86個_1026

accelerate
achieve
adjacent
affect
approximate
assert
authorize
automatic
aware
chapter
complicate
comprehend
conceive
concentrate
consequent
contrast
contribute
convert
create
crucial
decade
demonstrate
design
devote
distort
emphasize
empirical
ensure
entity
equilibrium
expand
expose
external
feasible
fluctuate
focus
function
generate
individual
infer
inhibit
innovation
intense
intuitive
isolate
magnetic
major
manipulate
mathematics
mature
notion
obtain
occur
passive
period
perspective
pertinent
phase
phenomena
portion
precede
precise
principle
react
respective
section
segment
select
sequence
series
shift
signify
simultaneous
sophisticated
species
stable
statistic
structure
technology
theory
trace
tradition
transmit
undergo
verbal
verify

筆記單字_1026

forehead
snout
limb
evolved
comprising
featured

waste paper collection
sorting schemes
pave(v)
paved(adj.)
unpaved(adj.)
pavement(n)
utilization

content
discharge
specification

artery
arterial road
limitation
barrier

collision
undoubtedly
blow away
permanent
Jupiter

chamber
flush
nitrogen
remaining
gas stream
state

筆記_聽力_Marks標點符號

大寫 capital 小寫 small

A/B slash , forward-slash 因為英文是由左往右,所以往右倒用 forward表示
A\B backward-slash
A, comma
A. period 終止的句點
A.B dot
AB bar
A<B backward-facing arrow
A>B forward-facing arrow
A: colon
A; semi-colon
A's apostrophe
"AB" quotation marks 用在表式特殊意義時
quote...... unquote
quotation mark ...... close quotation marks
'AB' inverted commas
inverted commas ...... close commas
A! exclamation mark
A @ B at
£A pound
A&B ampersand
A* asterisk
(A) [A] {A} brackets
A_B underscore
AB underline
A-B dash or hyphen
A=B 'equals' sign
#100 number
# hash key(英) pound key(美)

劍橋雅思3_聽力單字

property
arrangement
contract
appointment
patient
rural
cooperative
geography
agricultural
homesick
cattle
breed
fund
application
represent
pregnancy
osteoporosis
relaxation
therapy
overweight
worsen
circumstance
orthopeasdic
mattress
absorbing
insert
flat
enquiry
suburb
rental
settling
practice
clinic
prescription
medication
chemist
frustrating
======================
advisor
principal
director
placement
laboratory
common
domestic
deadline
outing
military
expert
candidate
criticise
secondary
elementary
overlap
underside
dimensional
booklet
sort
corridor
immediately
opposite
reception desk
facilities
union
informal
insufficient
unfamilier
outcome
participate
arguable
clerk
civil
pupil
conical
glue
involved
pliable
pill-box
circular
stairway
======================
vegetarian
lentil
curry
onion
roast
plum
jigsaw
puzzle
dimension
equipment
electrics
plastic
fitness
squash
kangaroo
koala
crocodile
ostrich
fatty
tough
feather
tribal
ceremonial
dress
decorated
hide
leather
meat
biltong
protein
climate
chick
rear
profitable
outlay
definite
straightforward
decent
hand over
entitle
aerobics
intimate
martial art
bleeper
brilliant
envisage
bred
delicate
stuff
hindquarter
calf
fertilised
======================
appropriate
chocolate
taste
keyhole
unpleasant
metal
realistic
proof
faculty
curly
pot plant
vacuum
flask
army
flashlight
decoy
trick
burglar
whistle
expensive
gadget
stainless
manufacturer
claim
gizmo
squeezing
anxious
chronology
decibel
insulating
exterior

劍橋雅思4_聽力單字

coal
firewood
fuel
craftsman
water-power
mill
cottage
vegetation
impact
windy
inland
humid
shady
evaporate
surface
regulation
frequency
======================
cathedral
gallery
castle
counsel
crisis
disruption
self-esteem
financial
loan
corporate
complex
conventional
victim
unaware
======================
flat
deposit
tent
studio
adult
clown
acrobat
magician
aerial
puppet
puppeteer
clarity
analytically
throughtly
literacy
questionnaire
approximately
faculty
residence
outskirt
lecture
facility
======================
venue
farewell
dining
invitation
representative
staff
dictionary
cater
abilities
balloon
cushion
paperclip
measurement
rock salt
crystal
cardboard
coloured
drill
needle
bolt
messy
sense
mesh

劍橋雅思5_聽力單字

verdict
reptile
cot
rusted
bend
occur
worst
decision
intensive
diploma
crisis
confidence
circumstance
pension
======================
registration
Ecuador
voluntary
charity
rely on
instruction
compromise
Antarctica
continent
classified
integrated
accommodation
sledge
build-up
ration
freeze-drying
climate
ice-cap
ozone layer
bubble
cooperating
persuade
experiment
pollution
nominal
assume
adventure
regularly
constant
overhead
ambition
carbohydrate
======================
incineration
drop-off
carbon
dioxide
emission
landfill
utilised
stationary
conditioner
gear
metallic
norm
allocation
residence
exceed
plenty
behalf
delivery
handout
material
criterion
household
recycled
oddly
fiberglass
filtration
aggregate
crush
practice
======================
intended
bearer
treasurer
intermediate
definitely
actual
committee
regularly
despite
in spite of
immediate
expansion
grip
stall
strike
colossal
machinery
onto
cautious
capital
ambitious
approach
alter
overcome
outline
intrinsic
innovative
forego
conclusion
attract
boost
outdated
stock market
blame
inevitably
perform
realistic
expectation
innovation
muddle
debatable
critical

劍橋雅思6_聽力單字

bronze
east end
produce
lack
construction
stimulate
agricultural
marsh
drian
inhabitant
sanitation
mention
sympathetic
metal
leather
assessment
in advance
refectory
inform
dietary
nursery
drop-in center
fitness
annual
equipment
journal
arrange
individual
feed
restriction
property
===================
craft
workshop
glue
mucky
decoration
cavern
splash
leaflet
dissertation
discipline
aim for
sensation
===================
severe
struggle
suffer
assignment
investigate
Neolithic
breeding
certain
species
sail
primitive
evidence
cereal
grain
cattle
permanent
dwelling
axe
grinding
polish
export
coloniser
clay
pot
watertight
decoration
plough(plow)
hesitation
enormous
devastated
mullioned
tile
chimney
=====================
mane
coat
fold
overdue
sanctuary
accommodation
delegate
demand
sociology

2008年10月24日 星期五

文法_否定句 / 疑問句 / 被動語氣

否定句
be動詞後面直接加 not
Ex: He is not a good teacher.
助動詞後面直接加 not
Ex: They will not come. / He has not written any letter. / She cannot swim.
一般句子的動詞須加上do或他的變形
Ex: He does not smoke. / He did not go.
no / nerer / not 的用法
no必須接一個名詞
Ex: I saw no students here. 可用not表示 I did not see any student here.
never常用在完成式的句子裡
Ex: I have never gone there.

===========================

疑問句
be動詞移到主詞前面
助動詞移到主詞前面
動詞不是be動詞也沒有助動詞,必須在主詞前加上do或他的變形
英文回答的yes或no都和答案的事實對應,而與如何問無關

===========================

被動語氣
及物動詞 - 動詞後面接一個名詞,這個名詞是動詞的受詞,一旦動詞是及物動詞,就可以改成被動語氣
主動語氣 = 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞
改成被動語氣規則
1. 原有受詞變成名詞
2. 動詞變成 be動詞 + 過去分詞, be動詞時態與原句子相同,且須配合新的主詞
3. 原有主詞變成在動詞後面,前面加by

沒有助動詞
I saw the policeman. -> The policeman was seen by me.
現在進行式
I am writing this letter. -> This letter is being written by me.
現在完成式
I have written the letter. -> The letter has been written by me.
I have seen him. -> He has seen seen by me.
He has helped me all my life. -> I have been helped by him all my life.
過去進行式
I was writing the letter when you came. -> The letter was being written by me when you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there. -> His mother was being called by him when we went there.
過去完成式
I had written the letter before you came. -> The letter had been written by me before you came.
He had called me before you came. -> I had been called by him before you came.
未來式
I will write the letter. -> The letter will be written by me.
He will teach English. -> English will be taught by him.
I am going to see you. -> You are going to be seen by me.
He is going to help you. -> You are going to be helped by him.
未來完成式
I will have written this letter. -> This letter will have been written by me.
助動詞不一定和時式有關,can,should,has to等等都是助動詞,改成被動語氣時都應維持原狀,只需加入be動詞+過去分詞即可
I can play the paino. -> The paino can be played by me.
I may use this room. -> The room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. ->The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him. -> He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter. -> This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report. -> This report ought to be written by him.

否定句子的被動語氣
1. 將句子改成肯定句
2. 將此肯定句改成被動語氣
3. 將此被動語氣句子改成否定句
They do not enjoy such music. -> Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story. -> That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story. -> That story has not been written by them.
Peter is not going to see me. -> I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me. -> I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. -> That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine. -> That wine can not be drunk by me.

問句的被動語氣
1. 將問句變成肯定句
2. 將此肯定句改成被動語氣
3. 將此被動語氣句子改成問句(動詞移到主詞之前)
Does he help his students? -> Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story? -> Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story? -> Has that story been written by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit? -> Who is going to be visited by Peter?
When did you write that book? -> When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song? -> Is that song enjoyed by him?
Why do his friends avoid him? -> Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did you see? -> Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report? -> Has that report been read by him?
Is he writting that letter? -> Is that letter being written by him?

2008年10月22日 星期三

筆記_Speaking_PEOPLE

外部 - hair ,  face , body
內部 - personality ,  character
主觀正反
例子

======================

HAIR:
She got straight hair.
She got long wavy hair.
She got curly hair.

He got a crew-cut.
He is bald.
He got receding hair.
He got rebellious hair.

Her hair is never a hair out of place.
Her hair is always neat and tidy.

His hair always looks unkempt / untidy / scruffy.


FACIAL APPEARANCE and COMPLEXION
I have noticed Robert has put on weight.
He's getting a double chin.(fat around the chin)
He has a rather swarthy complexion.
His sister's complexion is more sallow.
He works incredibly hard; he often looks haggard and exhausted.

She is thin-faced.
She got a thin face.
She is round-faced.

She is dark-skinned.

He has freckles.
His face was freckled all over.

He got a beard and moustache.

He has a chubby face.
He is chubby-faced.

Her face is full of wrinkles.
 

SIZE:
He was too scrawny to be a football player.   
A lanky teenager walked in.
A portly figure stood near the ticket desk.
She's the stout woman wearing glasses, over there.
She introduced me to a rather corpulent gentleman.

FAT
impolite - fat , a whale
polite - plump , chubby , stout

THIN
impolite - skinny , a rake
polite - slim , thin

# There are many problems in the world, such as A, B and C.
--> The world is plagued with(by) numerous issues, including A, B and C.

========================

十二生肖
My birth year is the rat.
I was born in the year of  the rat.

Rat
imaginative
charming
generous
quick-tempered
opportunistic

Buffalo
conservative
a born leader
methodical
chauvinistic
conscientious

Tiger
sensitive
emotional
stubborn
rebellious
tend to get carried away

Rabbit
sentimental
obliging
gallant
superficial
affectionate

Dragon
fun-loving
popular
perfectionist
gifted
be tactless

Snake
charming
stingy
sagacious
intuitive
inclined to procrastinate

Horse
independent
friendly
can be selfish and diligent
hard-working
cunning
placid

Goat
elegant
artistic
always ready to complain
plagued by worry

Monkey
witty
distrustful
magnetic
self-seeking

Rooster
industrious
decisive
a dresser
shrewd
flashy
extravagant

Dog
down-to-earth
sharp-tongued
altruistic
morose
faultfinder

Pig
intellectual
tolerant
could be desire for material goods
naive

筆記單字_1022_supplement01

absorption
influx
spread
prosperity
corrupting
aspiration
synergy
Metroplitan
glamorous
renovation
unorthodox
flesh
revolutionary
scholarly
divine
mysterious
merging
emaciated
parchment
buried
struck
shaft
slanting
skull
echoing
pensive
maidservant
somberly
melancholically
truest
representation
contemplation
bowed
absently
predicament
outsize
naturalism
sacrifice
grab
wrist
slit
scream
flamboyant
rendition
stunned
smothering
backward
expose
tenderly
unruly
neat
historian
devise
afresh
as if

文法_時態

1. 現在式
不是指任何一個行為,而是指一種狀態
Ex: He swins everyday.
凡是真理,自然界的現象,數學的定理,都要用現在式
Ex: The sun rises in the east.
The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer.
Trees leaves absorb CO2.
Two points define a line, three points define a plane.

2. 現在進行式 - 現在式動詞+現在分詞(動詞+ing)
指正在做的一件事
Ex: I am watching a movie.

3. 過去式
指過去所發生的事(現在已經不再發生)
Ex: I went to school yesterday.
Notice: I loved you. = I loved you before. But I don't love you now.
He was a good boy. 曾經是個好孩子,但現在不是了,或者是已經死了

4. 過去進行式 - 動詞過去式+現在分詞
過去進行式很少單獨使用,常和另一句子一起用
Ex: I was watching TV when you came to see me.
過去進行式常牽涉到幾件事,這兩件事情同時發生,一件用過去進行式,另一件用過去式

5. 現在完成式 - have/has +過去分詞
一件事情發生在過去,一直延續到現在,要用現在完成式,這種句子後面常有since或for
Ex: I have studied English since 1980.
He has lived here since 1990.
I have known him for a long time.
強調已經完成的事情
Ex: He has already completed the work.
I called him twice, he has never answered.
表示一種經驗
Ex: He has been to America.
I have never danced in my life.
可以用來表示一件過去常發生的事情
Ex: We have already had three typhoons so far this year.
He has already published three papers this year.
現在完成式和過去式的不同:一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事,而且指定特定的時間,就一定要用過去式
現在完成式常和since,for,already,never,ever等字一起使用
never有否定的意思,ever只有在問句中才會出現

6. 現在完成進行式 - have/has + been + 現在分詞(have/has是為了完成式, been+現在分詞是為了進行式)
強調過去發生的事情"一直"(沒有間斷)延續到現在
Ex: I have been studying English since 1980.
He has been acting like a fool lately.
It has been snowing since yesterday.

7. 過去完成式 - had + 過去分詞
不能單獨使用,必須有另一個事件,假設A跟B兩件事都發生在過去,而A發生在B之前,則A應該用過去完成式,B用過去式
Ex: He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
I had worked before I decided to go to college.
It had already snowed before Monday.

8. 過去完成進行式 - had + been + 現在分詞
強調較早發生事件的連續性
Ex: I had been watching TV before you called me.
He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.

9. 未來式 (will 或 be動詞 + going to + 動詞原式 )
句子中提到未來的事情
will是一個助動詞,但第三人稱單數的主詞不需要在will後面加s
will後面的動詞要用原式
Ex: I will go to America tomorrow. (I am going to go to America tomorrow.)
Peter will finish his work next month. (Peter is going to finish his work next month.)
When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
I will go to a concert after my classes are over.

10. 未來進行式(未來式與進行式合起來用)
Ex: He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
Two days later, I wiil be driving a new car.

11. 未來完成式(未來式與完成式合起來用)
強調未來要完成的事情
Ex: I will have finished this work by six o'clock tomorrow.
By the time he arrives at station, the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o'clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.

2008年10月20日 星期一

學院字彙81個_1020

alternative
analyze
approach
arbitrary
assess
assign
assume
compensate
complex
comply
component
concept
conclude
consist
constant
construct
consult
contact
context
criterion
data
define
definite
denote
derive
devise
dimension
distinct
element
environment
equate
equivalent
establish
evaluate
evident
formulate
guarantee
hypothesis
identify
ignore
illustrate
impact
implicit
imply
indicate
initial
interpret
involve
magnitude
method
minimum
modify
negative
obvious
potential
presume
prime
proceed
publish
pursue
random
range
region
require
restrict
reverse
role
similar
specify
status
subsequent
suffice
sum
summary
technique
tense
ultimate
usage
valid
vary
vertical


筆記單字_1020

made by humans = artificial = man-made
measured = measurement = measuring
shape -> round , square

marine
trove
shingle
scheme
devised
pebble
porous
granule
spiral
erosion
coral
outcrops
crystalline
quartz
gypsum
magnetic
molten
lava
spilled
exploded
glassy
droplet
sandstone
legion
cushion
coastal
moulded
dessert
desert
diameter
ingredient
=================
probing
devising
trade-offs
compromise
link with
positive
outcome
dung
burial
variety
species
allergies
asthma
decade
verity
infallibly
characteristics
trait
feature
character
widespread
poverty
struggle
respectability
implication
loomed
overlapping

praise
grain
skeleton
organism
accumulate
volcanic
eruption
clue
dazzling
derived
vital

2008年10月17日 星期五

神奇的7分逆轉

2008美國聯盟冠軍賽第5戰

波士頓紅襪隊1比3落後的背水一戰

六局結束還落後7分

當心碎的球迷一個一個離場時

球員們並未放棄這場懸殊的比賽

七局下像是迴光返照的拿了4分

八局下再追3分扯平比數

最終居然逆轉將系列戰賽事延長到第6場


看到螢幕上出現的
Remeber 2004 , Believe in Boston
突然好感動....



====================

我不是紅襪球迷
也不會特別喜歡哪一支球隊
只是想告訴自己

跟IELTS的比賽也還沒結束

我是不會輕易放棄的...


Gavin 2.0

長久以來

一直以為會在網路上寫東西是我這輩子永遠不會做的事

只是這次受到IELTS的打擊有點超乎想像

收到成績也已經好幾天了

仍舊無法走出失敗的陰霾

尤其是自認為準備的還算充足赴試

結果竟是敗得如此徹底


突然有種想紀錄下些什麼的衝動.......

在充斥著版本數字的時代
隨波逐流的做個自我升級
Gavin 2.0就此誕生